Entrance and Activity Fees (Tourism)

References

Balmford, A. et al. 2009. A Global Perspective on Trends in Nature-Based Tourism. PLoS Biol 7(6): e1000144.

Balmford, A. et al. 2015. Walk on the Wild Side: Estimating the Global Magnitude of Visits to Protected Areas. PLoS Biol 13(2): e1002074.

Baral, N., Stern, M.J., Battarai, R. 2008. Contingent valuation of ecotourism in Annapurna conservation area, Nepal: Implications for sustainable park finance and local development. Ecological Economics 66: 218-227.

Barrow, G.C. 2015. The Socio-Economic Benefits of New National Park Designations in Scotland. Scottish Campaign for National Parks and the Association for the Protection of Rural Scotland.

Blumenschein, K. et al. 1997. Hypothetical versus real payments in Vickrey auctions. Economics Letters 56: 177-180.

Bovarnick, A., Fernandez-Baca, J., Galindo, J. & Negret, H. 2010. Financial Sustainability of Protected Areas in Latin America and the Caribbean: Investment Policy Guidance. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and The Nature Conservancy (TNC).

Bruner, A. et al. 2015. Tourists’ Willingness to Pay to Visit Tanzania’s National Parks: A Contingent Valuation Study. Conservation Strategy Fund.

DCNA. 2014. Management Success Data Report 2014. Island: Bonaire. Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance.

Depondt, F. & Green, E. 2006. Diving user fees and the financial sustainability of marine protected areas: Opportunities and impediments. Ocean and Coastal Management 49: 188-202.

Drumm, A., Moore, A., Soles, A., Patterson, C., Terborgh, J.E. 2004. Ecotourism Development: A Manual for Conservation Planners & Managers - Vol. II. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA.

Eagles, P.F.J. 2002. Trends in Park Tourism: Economics, Finance and Management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2: 132-153.

Eagles, P.F.J, McCool, S.F. Haynes, C.D. 2002. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 8. World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA). United Nations Environment Programme, World Tourism Organization and IUCN – The World Conservation Union.

Eagles, P.F.J. & Hillel, H. 2008. Improving protected area finance through tourism. Paper presented to the Second meeting of the Ad Hoc Open‐ended Working Group on Protected Areas (WGPA‐2) – Rome, Italy, February 11 – 15 2008.

Epler Wood, M. 2002. Ecotourism: Principles, Policies and Practices for Sustainability. UNEP.

Emerton, L., Bishop, J. & Thomas, L. 2006. Sustainable Financing of Protected Areas: A global review of challenges and options. The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland.

Epler, B. 2007. Tourism, the Economy, Population Growth, and Conservation in Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation.

Flores, M., and Bovarnick, A. 2016. Guide to improving the budget and funding of national protected area systems. Lessons from Chile, Guatemala and Peru, July 2012 – April 2014. UNDP.

Font, X., Cochrane, J. & Tapper, R. 2004. Pay per nature view: Understanding tourism revenues for effective management plans. Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds (UK).

Green, E. & Donnolly, G. 2003. Recreational scuba diving in Caribbean marine protected areas: do the users pay? Ambio 32: 140-144.

Larson, L. R & Poudyal, N.C. 2012. Developing sustainable tourism through adaptive resource management: a case study of Machu Picchu, Peru. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20: 917-938.

Leung, Y., Spenceley, A., Hvenegaard, G., and Buckley, R. (eds.) (2018). Tourism and Visitor Management in Protected Areas: Guidelines for sustainability. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 27, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. xii + 128 pp.

Lindberg, K. 2001. Protected Area Visitor Fees Overview.

Maller, C., Townsend, M., St Leger, L., Hendersen-Wilson, C., Pryor, A., Prosser, L. and Moore, M. 2009. ‘Healthy Parks, Healthy People: The Health Benefits of Contact with Nature in a Park Context’. The George Wright Forum 26(2):51–83.

Motau, K. & Wale, E. 2018. The operational competitiveness of public protected areas managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. Koedoe 60(1), a1452.

Munanora, I.E. et al. 2016. Perceptions of tourism revenue sharing impacts on Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda: a Sustainable Livelihoods framework. Journal of Sustainable Tourism.

Naidoo et al. 2015. Complementary benefits of tourism and hunting to communal conservancies in Namibia. Conservation Biology 30: 628-638.

Nielsen, H. & Spenceley, A. 2010. The Success of Tourism in Rwanda – Gorillas and More. Background paper for the African Success Stories Study. World Bank and SNV.

Pascoe, S. et al. 2014. Estimating the potential impact of entry fees for marine parks on dive tourism in South East Asia. Marine Policy 47: 147-152.

Pedersen, A. 2002. Managing Tourism at World Heritage Sites: a Practical Manual for World Heritage Site Managers. UNESCO World Heritage Center.

Peters, H. & Hawkins, J.P. 2009. Access to marine parks: A comparative study in willingness to pay. Ocean and Coastal Management 52: 219-228.

Powell, R.B. & Ham, S.H. 2008. Can ecotourism interpretation really lead to pro-conservation knowledge, attitudes and behaviour? Evidence from the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 16: 467-489.

Roberts, C. & Hawkins. 2000. Fully Protected Marine Reserves. WWF.

Rylance, A., Snyman, S., Spenceley, A. 2017. The contribution of tourism revenue to financing protected area management in Southern Africa. Tourism Review International 21: 139-149.

Sabuhoro, E. et al. 2017. The potential of ecotourism opportunities to generate support for mountain gorilla conservation among local communities neighboring Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. Journal of Ecotourism.

Saporiti, N. 2006. Managing National Parks: How Public-Private Partnerships Can Aid Conservation. The World Bank Group.

Spenceley, A., Nevill, H.L.T., Faustino Coelho, C.M.N., Gomes Souto, M. 2016. An introduction to tourism concessioning: 14 characteristics of successful programs (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.

Spenceley, A., Rylance, A., Laiser, S.L. 2017. Protected area entrance fees in Tanzania: The search for competitiveness and value for money. Koedoe 59(1), a1442.

Spenceley, S., Snyman, S. & Eagles, P.F. 2017. Guidelines for tourism partnerships and concessions for protected areas: Generating sustainable revenues for conservation and development. Report to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and IUCN

Spergel, B. & Moye, M. 2004. Financing marine conservation: a menu of options. WWF.

Schneider, I.E. & Budruk, M. 1999. Displacement as a Response to the Federal Recreation Fee Program. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration. 17: 76-84.

Summers, A.B. 2005. Funding the National Park System: Improving Services and Accountability with User Fees. Reason Foundation.

Thomas, L. & Middleton, J. 2003. Guidelines for Management Planning of Protected Areas. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 10. World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA). IUCN – The World Conservation Union.

Thur 2010. User fees as sustainable financing mechanisms for marine protected areas: An application to the Bonaire National Marine Park. Marine Policy 34(1). 63-69.

UNDP 2012. Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board, Indonesia. Equator Initiative Case Studies: Local sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities.

USNPS. 2017. National Park Service Transportation Program.

Uyara, M.C. Gill, J.M., Côté, I.M. 2010. Charging for nature: Marine park fees and management from a user perspective. Ambio 39: 515-523.

Walpole, M.J., Goodwin, H. J., Ward, K. G. R. 2008. Pricing Policy for Tourism in Protected Areas: Lessons from Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Conservation Biology 15: 218-227.

WTTC. 2017. Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2017 World. World Travel and Tourism Council.

Zepel, H. Muloin, S. 2008. Conservation Benefits of Interpretation on Marine Wildlife Tours. Human Dimensions of Wildlife: An International Journal 13: 280-294.